12武3：激光武器概论

    年世界上首台激光器问世以来，高能激光武器因其攻击速度快、瞄准精度高、不受
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    电磁干扰等特点而得到了长足的发展。本文主要介绍了美国天基、地基、机载、舰载以及战术激光
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    武器的发展概况及其后续试验计划，表明美国已经初步具备各类激光武器的全面发展与部署能力；
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    分析了高能激光器和光束定向器等关键技术，总结出美国正加快机载战区导弹防御激光武器和陆基
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    战术防空激光武器工程化和武器化的发展趋势，最后提出了对发展我国激光武器的几点意见。
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    关键词：高能激光武器、天基激光武器、机载激光武器、地基激光武器、舰载激光武器、战术激光
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    武器、高能激光器、光束定向器激光技术是  20  世纪  60  年代初发展起来的高新技术。由于激光具有高亮度（即高功率）及方向
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    性、单色性和相干性好等特点，因此，从  1960  年世界上首台激光器在美国问世以来，人们就想利用
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    激光作武器和其它军事应用。近年来，随着激光技术的迅速发展，激光已广泛地用于军事上，从战
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    术武器、常规武器到战略武器，陆海空各军兵种都装备了与激光有关的武器，少数军事大国则一直
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    致力于发展激光武器尤其是高能激光武器。
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    激光武器是利用高能量密度射束替代常规子弹的武器，在武器装备发展历程中是继冷兵器、火
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    器和核武器等之后又一个重要的里程碑，将是适应  21  世纪信息化高技术战争的、具有划时代意义的
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    新一代主战兵器。它从作战性能上主要分为低能激光武器和高能激光武器。高能激光武器又叫强激
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    光武器或激光炮，与其它武器相比，具有攻击速度快、瞄准精度高、不受电磁干扰等特点。到目前
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    为止，高能激光武器的研究已有三十多年，国外在激光武器研究方面已取得长足进展，而其中美国
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    的发展最为突出，其大量关键技术已取得突破，并陆续研制了多种平台的、多种类型的激光武器样
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    机，并开展了一系列试验。
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    的天基激光武器是美国弹道导弹防御局支持发展的战略防御激光武器系统，主要用部署在
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    空间平台上的激光器拦截、摧毁处于助推飞行中的战略导弹和其它各种空间在轨卫星。美国将天基
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    激光武器作为国家导弹防御系统和战区导弹防御系统的重要组成部分，最终目标是要在空间  1300  公
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    里轨道上部署  20~40  颗携带有高能激光武器的卫星，有效射程为  4000～5000  公里，构成覆盖全球的
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    天基激光武器系统。每颗卫星长  20  米，直径  4.  5  米，重  2300  千克，星上一次储备的能量可以满足
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    攻击  100  个目标的需要。
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    1980  年  trw  公司开始研制“阿尔法”天基化学激光武器（sbl），  1994  年功率达百万瓦级。  sbl
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    使用氟化氘激光器，波长  2.7  微米，采用圆柱增益发生器技术，出口光束直径  4  米。后来，又制定
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    和实施了高空气球试验计划（habe）和“阿尔法／大型先进反射镜计划”综合试验计划（ali）。
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    2000  年  12  月  8  日，美军成功地进行了兆瓦级“阿尔法”化学激光器与光束定向器的地基综合试验。
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    目前美国已经在一定程度上掌握了建造天基激光演示器的技术。按照计划，预计  2010  年前可生产出
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    用于地面试验的全尺寸综合试验系统，  2012  年试验发射首台星载演示器样机，  2013  年演示在轨拦截
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    模拟弹道导弹的能力。但由于经济和技术原因，  2002  年  10  月  31  日，美国国防部导弹防御局宣布撤
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    销天基激光综合飞行实验计划办公室，中止了  sbl  空间实验演示计划，而将天基激光计划定位在技
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    术（发展）阶段，不再进行曾计划要作的（空间）实验。、
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    地基激光武器是美国战略防御计划中反卫星选用的主要手段，它能够对卫星上的特定瞄准点进
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    行精确的、长时间（100  秒）的照射，并积累足够的激光能量使卫星的关键部件由于热损伤而降低
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    效能或被摧毁。
第VnqJ4ZE8GKY4qmL2m4RY一VnqJ4ZE8GKY4qmL2m4RY看VnqJ4ZE8GKY4qmL2m4RY看VnqJ4ZE8GKY4qmL2m4RYdVnqJ4ZE8GKY4qmL2m4RY1VnqJ4ZE8GKY4qmL2m4RYkVnqJ4ZE8GKY4qmL2m4RYkVnqJ4ZE8GKY4qmL2m4RYaVnqJ4ZE8GKY4qmL2m4RYnVnqJ4ZE8GKY4qmL2m4RY.VnqJ4ZE8GKY4qmL2m4RYcVnqJ4ZE8GKY4qmL2m4RYoVnqJ4ZE8GKY4qmL2m4RYm”（style="display:none
    美国在  1985～1987  年曾对航天飞机、探测火箭进行了多次地基激光“高精度跟踪试验”。  1997
第9Ybu7HFexi0spm一9Ybu7HFexi0spm看9Ybu7HFexi0spm看9Ybu7HFexi0spmd9Ybu7HFexi0spm19Ybu7HFexi0spmk9Ybu7HFexi0spmk9Ybu7HFexi0spma9Ybu7HFexi0spmn9Ybu7HFexi0spm.9Ybu7HFexi0spmc9Ybu7HFexi0spmo9Ybu7HFexi0spmm”（style="display:none
    年  10  月，在白沙导弹靶场利用氟化氘“中红外先进化学激光器”（miracl）和“低功率化学激光
第vjZaYyZhJXWN2一vjZaYyZhJXWN2看vjZaYyZhJXWN2看vjZaYyZhJXWN2dvjZaYyZhJXWN21vjZaYyZhJXWN2kvjZaYyZhJXWN2kvjZaYyZhJXWN2avjZaYyZhJXWN2nvjZaYyZhJXWN2.vjZaYyZhJXWN2cvjZaYyZhJXWN2ovjZaYyZhJXWN2m”（style="display:none
    器”（pcl）进行了反卫星试验，引起了世界范围的广泛关注。  1998  年  3  月，美国利用“低功率大
第sHOHt8O7sD一sHOHt8O7sD看sHOHt8O7sD看sHOHt8O7sDdsHOHt8O7sD1sHOHt8O7sDksHOHt8O7sDksHOHt8O7sDasHOHt8O7sDnsHOHt8O7sD.sHOHt8O7sDcsHOHt8O7sDosHOHt8O7sDm”（style="display:none
    气补偿实验”（lace）卫星进行了跟踪试验。“海石”光束定向器利用低功率跟踪激光成功地跟踪了
第NEEyUKqzYnTaQuD4SzL一NEEyUKqzYnTaQuD4SzL看NEEyUKqzYnTaQuD4SzL看NEEyUKqzYnTaQuD4SzLdNEEyUKqzYnTaQuD4SzL1NEEyUKqzYnTaQuD4SzLkNEEyUKqzYnTaQuD4SzLkNEEyUKqzYnTaQuD4SzLaNEEyUKqzYnTaQuD4SzLnNEEyUKqzYnTaQuD4SzL.NEEyUKqzYnTaQuD4SzLcNEEyUKqzYnTaQuD4SzLoNEEyUKqzYnTaQuD4SzLm”（style="display:none
    这颗卫星。目前美国正进行低功率下一体化的光束控制演示试验，高功率激光的传输试验和卫星的
第bmq4dQsdSXyZT3bsuUi一bmq4dQsdSXyZT3bsuUi看bmq4dQsdSXyZT3bsuUi看bmq4dQsdSXyZT3bsuUidbmq4dQsdSXyZT3bsuUi1bmq4dQsdSXyZT3bsuUikbmq4dQsdSXyZT3bsuUikbmq4dQsdSXyZT3bsuUiabmq4dQsdSXyZT3bsuUinbmq4dQsdSXyZT3bsuUi.bmq4dQsdSXyZT3bsuUicbmq4dQsdSXyZT3bsuUiobmq4dQsdSXyZT3bsuUim”（style="display:none
    易损性研究。这些试验和研究表明美国激光反卫星技术已接近实用化，预计  2005  年将初步建成具备
第Nxc8cBfZvyBHpHK一Nxc8cBfZvyBHpHK看Nxc8cBfZvyBHpHK看Nxc8cBfZvyBHpHKdNxc8cBfZvyBHpHK1Nxc8cBfZvyBHpHKkNxc8cBfZvyBHpHKkNxc8cBfZvyBHpHKaNxc8cBfZvyBHpHKnNxc8cBfZvyBHpHK.Nxc8cBfZvyBHpHKcNxc8cBfZvyBHpHKoNxc8cBfZvyBHpHKm”（style="display:none
    反卫星作战能力的地基激光武器系统。
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    1992  年美国国防部战略防御计划局提出了“机载激光武器计划”（abl），它是美国空军目前正
第HiQccJVDXVGMHbAKEnC一HiQccJVDXVGMHbAKEnC看HiQccJVDXVGMHbAKEnC看HiQccJVDXVGMHbAKEnCdHiQccJVDXVGMHbAKEnC1HiQccJVDXVGMHbAKEnCkHiQccJVDXVGMHbAKEnCkHiQccJVDXVGMHbAKEnCaHiQccJVDXVGMHbAKEnCnHiQccJVDXVGMHbAKEnC.HiQccJVDXVGMHbAKEnCcHiQccJVDXVGMHbAKEnCoHiQccJVDXVGMHbAKEnCm”（style="display:none
    在积极推进的助推段战区弹道导弹拦截方案，是其联合多层战区导弹防御（tmd）研究的一部分。
第61CHuQXhQwlBJJ99gIa一61CHuQXhQwlBJJ99gIa看61CHuQXhQwlBJJ99gIa看61CHuQXhQwlBJJ99gIad61CHuQXhQwlBJJ99gIa161CHuQXhQwlBJJ99gIak61CHuQXhQwlBJJ99gIak61CHuQXhQwlBJJ99gIaa61CHuQXhQwlBJJ99gIan61CHuQXhQwlBJJ99gIa.61CHuQXhQwlBJJ99gIac61CHuQXhQwlBJJ99gIao61CHuQXhQwlBJJ99gIam”（style="display:none
    它主要用来摧毁处于助推段飞行的战区弹道导弹，同时还具有攻击低轨道卫星、战斗机和巡航导弹
第uHocNX1VK82pMhGwS4H一uHocNX1VK82pMhGwS4H看uHocNX1VK82pMhGwS4H看uHocNX1VK82pMhGwS4HduHocNX1VK82pMhGwS4H1uHocNX1VK82pMhGwS4HkuHocNX1VK82pMhGwS4HkuHocNX1VK82pMhGwS4HauHocNX1VK82pMhGwS4HnuHocNX1VK82pMhGwS4H.uHocNX1VK82pMhGwS4HcuHocNX1VK82pMhGwS4HouHocNX1VK82pMhGwS4Hm”（style="display:none
    等目标的能力。
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    abl  采用氧碘化学激光器，波长  1.  315  微米，激光器单模块功率为  25  万瓦，多模块组合功率
第h7Wbpa5dxjm4RnMj7IM一h7Wbpa5dxjm4RnMj7IM看h7Wbpa5dxjm4RnMj7IM看h7Wbpa5dxjm4RnMj7IMdh7Wbpa5dxjm4RnMj7IM1h7Wbpa5dxjm4RnMj7IMkh7Wbpa5dxjm4RnMj7IMkh7Wbpa5dxjm4RnMj7IMah7Wbpa5dxjm4RnMj7IMnh7Wbpa5dxjm4RnMj7IM.h7Wbpa5dxjm4RnMj7IMch7Wbpa5dxjm4RnMj7IMoh7Wbpa5dxjm4RnMj7IMm”（style="display:none
    达几百万瓦。  2001  年完成了对机载平台——一架波音  747－400  飞机的改装工作，安装了复杂的激
第ShIfpVRYaTpLn3l一ShIfpVRYaTpLn3l看ShIfpVRYaTpLn3l看ShIfpVRYaTpLn3ldShIfpVRYaTpLn3l1ShIfpVRYaTpLn3lkShIfpVRYaTpLn3lkShIfpVRYaTpLn3laShIfpVRYaTpLn3lnShIfpVRYaTpLn3l.ShIfpVRYaTpLn3lcShIfpVRYaTpLn3loShIfpVRYaTpLn3lm”（style="display:none
    光和跟踪设备并进行飞行测试。  2002  年  7  月，美国机载激光系统进行了首次试飞，成为世界上第一
第s6vtXqV07x一s6vtXqV07x看s6vtXqV07x看s6vtXqV07xds6vtXqV07x1s6vtXqV07xks6vtXqV07xks6vtXqV07xas6vtXqV07xns6vtXqV07x.s6vtXqV07xcs6vtXqV07xos6vtXqV07xm”（style="display:none
    架机载激光定向能战机。按计划，美国  2005  年将进行拦截演示试验，  2008  年改装出  7  架作战使用
第zzmLIpNuSh7Wb一zzmLIpNuSh7Wb看zzmLIpNuSh7Wb看zzmLIpNuSh7WbdzzmLIpNuSh7Wb1zzmLIpNuSh7WbkzzmLIpNuSh7WbkzzmLIpNuSh7WbazzmLIpNuSh7WbnzzmLIpNuSh7Wb.zzmLIpNuSh7WbczzmLIpNuSh7WbozzmLIpNuSh7Wbm”（style="display:none
    型机载激光飞机，届时将具备全面作战能力。
第1E76sKxJtOFfE一1E76sKxJtOFfE看1E76sKxJtOFfE看1E76sKxJtOFfEd1E76sKxJtOFfE11E76sKxJtOFfEk1E76sKxJtOFfEk1E76sKxJtOFfEa1E76sKxJtOFfEn1E76sKxJtOFfE.1E76sKxJtOFfEc1E76sKxJtOFfEo1E76sKxJtOFfEm”（style="display:none
    美国海军的舰载激光武器主要是用激光武器拦截反舰导弹。  1977  年开始实施“海石（sealite）
第KyW5gFDrsvjTOa一KyW5gFDrsvjTOa看KyW5gFDrsvjTOa看KyW5gFDrsvjTOadKyW5gFDrsvjTOa1KyW5gFDrsvjTOakKyW5gFDrsvjTOakKyW5gFDrsvjTOaaKyW5gFDrsvjTOanKyW5gFDrsvjTOa.KyW5gFDrsvjTOacKyW5gFDrsvjTOaoKyW5gFDrsvjTOam”（style="display:none
    计划”，采用连续波兆瓦级氟化氘激光器，波长  3.  6～4.  2  微米。  80  年代初，该激光器与孔径为  1.  8
第kmKiObHBo0u8UfGyGWn8一kmKiObHBo0u8UfGyGWn8看kmKiObHBo0u8UfGyGWn8看kmKiObHBo0u8UfGyGWn8dkmKiObHBo0u8UfGyGWn81kmKiObHBo0u8UfGyGWn8kkmKiObHBo0u8UfGyGWn8kkmKiObHBo0u8UfGyGWn8akmKiObHBo0u8UfGyGWn8nkmKiObHBo0u8UfGyGWn8.kmKiObHBo0u8UfGyGWn8ckmKiObHBo0u8UfGyGWn8okmKiObHBo0u8UfGyGWn8m”（style="display:none
    米的“海石”光束定向器一起被安装在白沙导弹靶场作为高能激光系统试验设施（helstf），  80  年
第91vVuAeuLJUJ一91vVuAeuLJUJ看91vVuAeuLJUJ看91vVuAeuLJUJd91vVuAeuLJUJ191vVuAeuLJUJk91vVuAeuLJUJk91vVuAeuLJUJa91vVuAeuLJUJn91vVuAeuLJUJ.91vVuAeuLJUJc91vVuAeuLJUJo91vVuAeuLJUJm”（style="display:none
    代末成功击落了亚音速靶机和超音速导弹。海军现在着手研制自由电子激光器（fel），而氟化氘激
第FrllCRA52rctAyECx一FrllCRA52rctAyECx看FrllCRA52rctAyECx看FrllCRA52rctAyECxdFrllCRA52rctAyECx1FrllCRA52rctAyECxkFrllCRA52rctAyECxkFrllCRA52rctAyECxaFrllCRA52rctAyECxnFrllCRA52rctAyECx.FrllCRA52rctAyECxcFrllCRA52rctAyECxoFrllCRA52rctAyECxm”（style="display:none
    光器和“海石”光束定向器已成为陆军白沙导弹靶场高能激光系统试验设施的重要组成部分。
第RG8hejSBa4一RG8hejSBa4看RG8hejSBa4看RG8hejSBa4dRG8hejSBa41RG8hejSBa4kRG8hejSBa4kRG8hejSBa4aRG8hejSBa4nRG8hejSBa4.RG8hejSBa4cRG8hejSBa4oRG8hejSBa4m”（style="display:none
    美国从  1991  年开始开发战术激光武器，其中最早的“鹦鹉螺”（nautilus）激光武器是一项美
第ZaYyZhJXWN2lQ一ZaYyZhJXWN2lQ看ZaYyZhJXWN2lQ看ZaYyZhJXWN2lQdZaYyZhJXWN2lQ1ZaYyZhJXWN2lQkZaYyZhJXWN2lQkZaYyZhJXWN2lQaZaYyZhJXWN2lQnZaYyZhJXWN2lQ.ZaYyZhJXWN2lQcZaYyZhJXWN2lQoZaYyZhJXWN2lQm”（style="display:none
    国和以色列战术激光武器联合计划，旨在发展地面战术高能激光防空武器系统（thel）。
第J5OxNcPFVuGY1T一J5OxNcPFVuGY1T看J5OxNcPFVuGY1T看J5OxNcPFVuGY1TdJ5OxNcPFVuGY1T1J5OxNcPFVuGY1TkJ5OxNcPFVuGY1TkJ5OxNcPFVuGY1TaJ5OxNcPFVuGY1TnJ5OxNcPFVuGY1T.J5OxNcPFVuGY1TcJ5OxNcPFVuGY1ToJ5OxNcPFVuGY1Tm”（style="display:none
    战术激光武器使用  40  万瓦氟化氘中红外先进化学激光器（miracl）和“海石”光束定向器
第7oCdF50I90tjC一7oCdF50I90tjC看7oCdF50I90tjC看7oCdF50I90tjCd7oCdF50I90tjC17oCdF50I90tjCk7oCdF50I90tjCk7oCdF50I90tjCa7oCdF50I90tjCn7oCdF50I90tjC.7oCdF50I90tjCc7oCdF50I90tjCo7oCdF50I90tjCm”（style="display:none
    （slbd），发射孔径  0.  7  米，对于从  32  公里远处发射的导弹，激光器可在  20  公里远处使导弹探测
第4MrL0DZxRQ一4MrL0DZxRQ看4MrL0DZxRQ看4MrL0DZxRQd4MrL0DZxRQ14MrL0DZxRQk4MrL0DZxRQk4MrL0DZxRQa4MrL0DZxRQn4MrL0DZxRQ.4MrL0DZxRQc4MrL0DZxRQo4MrL0DZxRQm”（style="display:none
    器失灵，对无制导火箭可在  5  公里以远将其摧毁。  1996  年美国陆军利用白沙导弹靶场高能激光系统
第nKiBAfB1nzpHr2bL3tT一nKiBAfB1nzpHr2bL3tT看nKiBAfB1nzpHr2bL3tT看nKiBAfB1nzpHr2bL3tTdnKiBAfB1nzpHr2bL3tT1nKiBAfB1nzpHr2bL3tTknKiBAfB1nzpHr2bL3tTknKiBAfB1nzpHr2bL3tTanKiBAfB1nzpHr2bL3tTnnKiBAfB1nzpHr2bL3tT.nKiBAfB1nzpHr2bL3tTcnKiBAfB1nzpHr2bL3tTonKiBAfB1nzpHr2bL3tTm”（style="display:none
    试验设施的氟化氘中红外先进化学激光器（部分功率）成功摧毁了两枚俄制“喀秋莎”火箭。  2001
第Mr57TmDEga6vuzJ0ENq一Mr57TmDEga6vuzJ0ENq看Mr57TmDEga6vuzJ0ENq看Mr57TmDEga6vuzJ0ENqdMr57TmDEga6vuzJ0ENq1Mr57TmDEga6vuzJ0ENqkMr57TmDEga6vuzJ0ENqkMr57TmDEga6vuzJ0ENqaMr57TmDEga6vuzJ0ENqnMr57TmDEga6vuzJ0ENq.Mr57TmDEga6vuzJ0ENqcMr57TmDEga6vuzJ0ENqoMr57TmDEga6vuzJ0ENqm”（style="display:none
    年美以签署协议，联合开发小型化机动型的战术高能激光武器系统（mthel），计划  2006－2007  年完
第a0QBcsGiaKKkw8hxg9Y一a0QBcsGiaKKkw8hxg9Y看a0QBcsGiaKKkw8hxg9Y看a0QBcsGiaKKkw8hxg9Yda0QBcsGiaKKkw8hxg9Y1a0QBcsGiaKKkw8hxg9Yka0QBcsGiaKKkw8hxg9Yka0QBcsGiaKKkw8hxg9Yaa0QBcsGiaKKkw8hxg9Yna0QBcsGiaKKkw8hxg9Y.a0QBcsGiaKKkw8hxg9Yca0QBcsGiaKKkw8hxg9Yoa0QBcsGiaKKkw8hxg9Ym”（style="display:none
    成演示试验。预计以色列将在  3～5  年内部署实战系统，美国也将在进一步提高系统机动性和杀伤力
第MkBFcds4NlN44MQ一MkBFcds4NlN44MQ看MkBFcds4NlN44MQ看MkBFcds4NlN44MQdMkBFcds4NlN44MQ1MkBFcds4NlN44MQkMkBFcds4NlN44MQkMkBFcds4NlN44MQaMkBFcds4NlN44MQnMkBFcds4NlN44MQ.MkBFcds4NlN44MQcMkBFcds4NlN44MQoMkBFcds4NlN44MQm”（style="display:none
    后，用于近程防空。
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    进入  21  世纪，美国高能激光武器发展计划进行了较大调整，各种试验安排也产生了变化。一是
第IsdzCAQiWEKBLQLuGTfo一IsdzCAQiWEKBLQLuGTfo看IsdzCAQiWEKBLQLuGTfo看IsdzCAQiWEKBLQLuGTfodIsdzCAQiWEKBLQLuGTfo1IsdzCAQiWEKBLQLuGTfokIsdzCAQiWEKBLQLuGTfokIsdzCAQiWEKBLQLuGTfoaIsdzCAQiWEKBLQLuGTfonIsdzCAQiWEKBLQLuGTfo.IsdzCAQiWEKBLQLuGTfocIsdzCAQiWEKBLQLuGTfooIsdzCAQiWEKBLQLuGTfom”（style="display:none
    国防部的三项高能激光计划缩减为两项，中止了  sbl  空间演示计划，加强了机载激光武器（abl）
第jDZDClD4zeNkhvkp一jDZDClD4zeNkhvkp看jDZDClD4zeNkhvkp看jDZDClD4zeNkhvkpdjDZDClD4zeNkhvkp1jDZDClD4zeNkhvkpkjDZDClD4zeNkhvkpkjDZDClD4zeNkhvkpajDZDClD4zeNkhvkpnjDZDClD4zeNkhvkp.jDZDClD4zeNkhvkpcjDZDClD4zeNkhvkpojDZDClD4zeNkhvkpm”（style="display:none
    和战术激光武器计划研制，使之尽可能在  2010  年前走上战场；二是加快了向高效能第二代激光器（特
第6UMqRvrlfRlsSHPcOf一6UMqRvrlfRlsSHPcOf看6UMqRvrlfRlsSHPcOf看6UMqRvrlfRlsSHPcOfd6UMqRvrlfRlsSHPcOf16UMqRvrlfRlsSHPcOfk6UMqRvrlfRlsSHPcOfk6UMqRvrlfRlsSHPcOfa6UMqRvrlfRlsSHPcOfn6UMqRvrlfRlsSHPcOf.6UMqRvrlfRlsSHPcOfc6UMqRvrlfRlsSHPcOfo6UMqRvrlfRlsSHPcOfm”（style="display:none
    别是固体激光器  ssl）转移的步伐，从  2002  年起各军种开始实施“联合高功率固体激光器计划”；
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    三是加强了对未来激光武器系统的新技术和关键技术的基础性研究工作。
第PAoMAe6sEbV87EKH一PAoMAe6sEbV87EKH看PAoMAe6sEbV87EKH看PAoMAe6sEbV87EKHdPAoMAe6sEbV87EKH1PAoMAe6sEbV87EKHkPAoMAe6sEbV87EKHkPAoMAe6sEbV87EKHaPAoMAe6sEbV87EKHnPAoMAe6sEbV87EKH.PAoMAe6sEbV87EKHcPAoMAe6sEbV87EKHoPAoMAe6sEbV87EKHm”（style="display:none
    2001  年  10  月导弹防御局接管  abl  计划，对  abl  进行重新评估，调整了其任务和技术发展路
第BRcAQoTKkPseGRevYI一BRcAQoTKkPseGRevYI看BRcAQoTKkPseGRevYI看BRcAQoTKkPseGRevYIdBRcAQoTKkPseGRevYI1BRcAQoTKkPseGRevYIkBRcAQoTKkPseGRevYIkBRcAQoTKkPseGRevYIaBRcAQoTKkPseGRevYInBRcAQoTKkPseGRevYI.BRcAQoTKkPseGRevYIcBRcAQoTKkPseGRevYIoBRcAQoTKkPseGRevYIm”（style="display:none
    线。将  abl  纳入国家导弹防御计划，成为导弹防御局最优先计划之一，并将研制时间延长，拦截试
第M6YvsRchuqL一M6YvsRchuqL看M6YvsRchuqL看M6YvsRchuqLdM6YvsRchuqL1M6YvsRchuqLkM6YvsRchuqLkM6YvsRchuqLaM6YvsRchuqLnM6YvsRchuqL.M6YvsRchuqLcM6YvsRchuqLoM6YvsRchuqLm”（style="display:none
    验推迟，预计  2008  年演示改进后的武器系统，最后向导弹防御局提供一架飞机(block  2008)。
第kwOVz8xSJ03UUO0Z一kwOVz8xSJ03UUO0Z看kwOVz8xSJ03UUO0Z看kwOVz8xSJ03UUO0ZdkwOVz8xSJ03UUO0Z1kwOVz8xSJ03UUO0ZkkwOVz8xSJ03UUO0ZkkwOVz8xSJ03UUO0ZakwOVz8xSJ03UUO0ZnkwOVz8xSJ03UUO0Z.kwOVz8xSJ03UUO0ZckwOVz8xSJ03UUO0ZokwOVz8xSJ03UUO0Zm”（style="display:none
    关于战术激光武器试验计划，一是在  2007  年将由陆军在白沙导弹靶场进行  mthel（美以联合
第TkCa9DB3GNc一TkCa9DB3GNc看TkCa9DB3GNc看TkCa9DB3GNcdTkCa9DB3GNc1TkCa9DB3GNckTkCa9DB3GNckTkCa9DB3GNcaTkCa9DB3GNcnTkCa9DB3GNc.TkCa9DB3GNccTkCa9DB3GNcoTkCa9DB3GNcm”（style="display:none
    发展）演示试验。  mthel  是原来  thel  的转型，主要改进是把  thel  系统尺寸缩小  80％，目标是
第rLsAfUXDVvuSGp2U一rLsAfUXDVvuSGp2U看rLsAfUXDVvuSGp2U看rLsAfUXDVvuSGp2UdrLsAfUXDVvuSGp2U1rLsAfUXDVvuSGp2UkrLsAfUXDVvuSGp2UkrLsAfUXDVvuSGp2UarLsAfUXDVvuSGp2UnrLsAfUXDVvuSGp2U.rLsAfUXDVvuSGp2UcrLsAfUXDVvuSGp2UorLsAfUXDVvuSGp2Um”（style="display:none
    要建造一个能在行进中作战、容易部署的战术模块化激光器，能装入  c-130  运输机；二是  2005－2006
第d3fnv5LVB921gCvHGk一d3fnv5LVB921gCvHGk看d3fnv5LVB921gCvHGk看d3fnv5LVB921gCvHGkdd3fnv5LVB921gCvHGk1d3fnv5LVB921gCvHGkkd3fnv5LVB921gCvHGkkd3fnv5LVB921gCvHGkad3fnv5LVB921gCvHGknd3fnv5LVB921gCvHGk.d3fnv5LVB921gCvHGkcd3fnv5LVB921gCvHGkod3fnv5LVB921gCvHGkm”（style="display:none
    年美国特种作战司令部管理的战术机载激光武器（atl）先期概念技术演示计划将进行地面/飞行试
第pg3j8w5sLKk一pg3j8w5sLKk看pg3j8w5sLKk看pg3j8w5sLKkdpg3j8w5sLKk1pg3j8w5sLKkkpg3j8w5sLKkkpg3j8w5sLKkapg3j8w5sLKknpg3j8w5sLKk.pg3j8w5sLKkcpg3j8w5sLKkopg3j8w5sLKkm”（style="display:none
    验，它采用新型  coil  技术，首次使激光武器系统成为高度机动和自封闭的系统；三是计划于  2007
第JeSay0FVht一JeSay0FVht看JeSay0FVht看JeSay0FVhtdJeSay0FVht1JeSay0FVhtkJeSay0FVhtkJeSay0FVhtaJeSay0FVhtnJeSay0FVht.JeSay0FVhtcJeSay0FVhtoJeSay0FVhtm”（style="display:none
    年完成研制试验的空军战术机载激光武器计划，目标是以喷气战斗机（f－35）和无人机为作战平台，
第RIJsi8xg3dLII一RIJsi8xg3dLII看RIJsi8xg3dLII看RIJsi8xg3dLIIdRIJsi8xg3dLII1RIJsi8xg3dLIIkRIJsi8xg3dLIIkRIJsi8xg3dLIIaRIJsi8xg3dLIInRIJsi8xg3dLII.RIJsi8xg3dLIIcRIJsi8xg3dLIIoRIJsi8xg3dLIIm”（style="display:none
    发展能定标到  100  千瓦、基于  ssl  技术支持的激光武器系统。
第O7y1NGn6LUNflubWCDm8一O7y1NGn6LUNflubWCDm8看O7y1NGn6LUNflubWCDm8看O7y1NGn6LUNflubWCDm8dO7y1NGn6LUNflubWCDm81O7y1NGn6LUNflubWCDm8kO7y1NGn6LUNflubWCDm8kO7y1NGn6LUNflubWCDm8aO7y1NGn6LUNflubWCDm8nO7y1NGn6LUNflubWCDm8.O7y1NGn6LUNflubWCDm8cO7y1NGn6LUNflubWCDm8oO7y1NGn6LUNflubWCDm8m”（style="display:none
    美国海军的主要任务是开发兆瓦级的自由电子激光器(fel)，预计  2006  年达到  100  千瓦，  2009年实现兆瓦级  fel，届时将装备于航空母舰和驱逐舰上。同时，海军已经开始在白沙导弹靶场进行
第CKkCt6TY0tdR一CKkCt6TY0tdR看CKkCt6TY0tdR看CKkCt6TY0tdRdCKkCt6TY0tdR1CKkCt6TY0tdRkCKkCt6TY0tdRkCKkCt6TY0tdRaCKkCt6TY0tdRnCKkCt6TY0tdR.CKkCt6TY0tdRcCKkCt6TY0tdRoCKkCt6TY0tdRm”（style="display:none
    一系列试验，用中红外先进化学激光器（miracl）对付各种靶机和巡航导弹，开发并验证高能激光
第nE0Bh1ZG9aSvw一nE0Bh1ZG9aSvw看nE0Bh1ZG9aSvw看nE0Bh1ZG9aSvwdnE0Bh1ZG9aSvw1nE0Bh1ZG9aSvwknE0Bh1ZG9aSvwknE0Bh1ZG9aSvwanE0Bh1ZG9aSvwnnE0Bh1ZG9aSvw.nE0Bh1ZG9aSvwcnE0Bh1ZG9aSvwonE0Bh1ZG9aSvwm”（style="display:none
    武器与巡航导弹交战的跟瞄算法。
第8zZA6V6n8Sx9Gw一8zZA6V6n8Sx9Gw看8zZA6V6n8Sx9Gw看8zZA6V6n8Sx9Gwd8zZA6V6n8Sx9Gw18zZA6V6n8Sx9Gwk8zZA6V6n8Sx9Gwk8zZA6V6n8Sx9Gwa8zZA6V6n8Sx9Gwn8zZA6V6n8Sx9Gw.8zZA6V6n8Sx9Gwc8zZA6V6n8Sx9Gwo8zZA6V6n8Sx9Gwm”（style="display:none
    高能激光武器主要由高能激光器、光束定向器及作战平台等组成，光束定向器由大口径发射系
第tTNgXMprjxkti一tTNgXMprjxkti看tTNgXMprjxkti看tTNgXMprjxktidtTNgXMprjxkti1tTNgXMprjxktiktTNgXMprjxktiktTNgXMprjxktiatTNgXMprjxktintTNgXMprjxkti.tTNgXMprjxktictTNgXMprjxktiotTNgXMprjxktim”（style="display:none
    统和精密跟踪瞄准系统组成。高能激光武器的研究涉及高能激光器、大口径发射系统、精密跟踪瞄
第eNDeLHv0jeZ8r9一eNDeLHv0jeZ8r9看eNDeLHv0jeZ8r9看eNDeLHv0jeZ8r9deNDeLHv0jeZ8r91eNDeLHv0jeZ8r9keNDeLHv0jeZ8r9keNDeLHv0jeZ8r9aeNDeLHv0jeZ8r9neNDeLHv0jeZ8r9.eNDeLHv0jeZ8r9ceNDeLHv0jeZ8r9oeNDeLHv0jeZ8r9m”（style="display:none
    准系统、激光大气传输及其补偿、激光破坏机理、激光总体技术等关键环节和技术。以下主要介绍
第A9rUDzPcvTMr5一A9rUDzPcvTMr5看A9rUDzPcvTMr5看A9rUDzPcvTMr5dA9rUDzPcvTMr51A9rUDzPcvTMr5kA9rUDzPcvTMr5kA9rUDzPcvTMr5aA9rUDzPcvTMr5nA9rUDzPcvTMr5.A9rUDzPcvTMr5cA9rUDzPcvTMr5oA9rUDzPcvTMr5m”（style="display:none
    高能激光器和光束定向器中涉及的关键技术。
第k3gTrtVUuBr6dJ一k3gTrtVUuBr6dJ看k3gTrtVUuBr6dJ看k3gTrtVUuBr6dJdk3gTrtVUuBr6dJ1k3gTrtVUuBr6dJkk3gTrtVUuBr6dJkk3gTrtVUuBr6dJak3gTrtVUuBr6dJnk3gTrtVUuBr6dJ.k3gTrtVUuBr6dJck3gTrtVUuBr6dJok3gTrtVUuBr6dJm”（style="display:none
    高能激光武器的核心部分是高能激光器，用来产生高能激光束。主要指标有三个：波长、能量
第Hn6zjlfXHgepPI一Hn6zjlfXHgepPI看Hn6zjlfXHgepPI看Hn6zjlfXHgepPIdHn6zjlfXHgepPI1Hn6zjlfXHgepPIkHn6zjlfXHgepPIkHn6zjlfXHgepPIaHn6zjlfXHgepPInHn6zjlfXHgepPI.Hn6zjlfXHgepPIcHn6zjlfXHgepPIoHn6zjlfXHgepPIm”（style="display:none
    （或功率）和运转方式。
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    （1）波长。波长选择的依据主要是大气对光的衰减。由于大气分子和其中悬浮的固态、液态微
第spFJujBFNwGzu一spFJujBFNwGzu看spFJujBFNwGzu看spFJujBFNwGzudspFJujBFNwGzu1spFJujBFNwGzukspFJujBFNwGzukspFJujBFNwGzuaspFJujBFNwGzunspFJujBFNwGzu.spFJujBFNwGzucspFJujBFNwGzuospFJujBFNwGzum”（style="display:none
    粒（称为大气气溶胶）对光具有吸收和散射作用，造成激光能量的损失，这种损失与波长密切相关。
第pNuhYSruwc一pNuhYSruwc看pNuhYSruwc看pNuhYSruwcdpNuhYSruwc1pNuhYSruwckpNuhYSruwckpNuhYSruwcapNuhYSruwcnpNuhYSruwc.pNuhYSruwccpNuhYSruwcopNuhYSruwcm”（style="display:none
    作为高能激光武器，其激光器的工作波长应选择位于高透过率的波段范围（即大气窗口）内。
第KKl9pv4X3VDWjnycuHM一KKl9pv4X3VDWjnycuHM看KKl9pv4X3VDWjnycuHM看KKl9pv4X3VDWjnycuHMdKKl9pv4X3VDWjnycuHM1KKl9pv4X3VDWjnycuHMkKKl9pv4X3VDWjnycuHMkKKl9pv4X3VDWjnycuHMaKKl9pv4X3VDWjnycuHMnKKl9pv4X3VDWjnycuHM.KKl9pv4X3VDWjnycuHMcKKl9pv4X3VDWjnycuHMoKKl9pv4X3VDWjnycuHMm”（style="display:none
    （2）能量。激光器的输出能量（或功率）越高越好。尽管至今已研制出几百种激光器，但能够
第9s8CIB6BVwiLmV7A72k一9s8CIB6BVwiLmV7A72k看9s8CIB6BVwiLmV7A72k看9s8CIB6BVwiLmV7A72kd9s8CIB6BVwiLmV7A72k19s8CIB6BVwiLmV7A72kk9s8CIB6BVwiLmV7A72kk9s8CIB6BVwiLmV7A72ka9s8CIB6BVwiLmV7A72kn9s8CIB6BVwiLmV7A72k.9s8CIB6BVwiLmV7A72kc9s8CIB6BVwiLmV7A72ko9s8CIB6BVwiLmV7A72km”（style="display:none
    输出高能量（或功率）激光且波长处于大气窗口内的激光器，到目前为止却只有几种，即：氧碘
第x0T82I8fP8YAotEYImR一x0T82I8fP8YAotEYImR看x0T82I8fP8YAotEYImR看x0T82I8fP8YAotEYImRdx0T82I8fP8YAotEYImR1x0T82I8fP8YAotEYImRkx0T82I8fP8YAotEYImRkx0T82I8fP8YAotEYImRax0T82I8fP8YAotEYImRnx0T82I8fP8YAotEYImR.x0T82I8fP8YAotEYImRcx0T82I8fP8YAotEYImRox0T82I8fP8YAotEYImRm”（style="display:none
    （coil）、氟化氘（df）化学激光器、二氧化碳气体激光器、自由电子激光器、二极管泵浦固体激
第WRFCkOaTIIDpr2bmkHo一WRFCkOaTIIDpr2bmkHo看WRFCkOaTIIDpr2bmkHo看WRFCkOaTIIDpr2bmkHodWRFCkOaTIIDpr2bmkHo1WRFCkOaTIIDpr2bmkHokWRFCkOaTIIDpr2bmkHokWRFCkOaTIIDpr2bmkHoaWRFCkOaTIIDpr2bmkHonWRFCkOaTIIDpr2bmkHo.WRFCkOaTIIDpr2bmkHocWRFCkOaTIIDpr2bmkHooWRFCkOaTIIDpr2bmkHom”（style="display:none
    光器（dpl）、准分子激光器。
第x3qFkzWEliG8XGK一x3qFkzWEliG8XGK看x3qFkzWEliG8XGK看x3qFkzWEliG8XGKdx3qFkzWEliG8XGK1x3qFkzWEliG8XGKkx3qFkzWEliG8XGKkx3qFkzWEliG8XGKax3qFkzWEliG8XGKnx3qFkzWEliG8XGK.x3qFkzWEliG8XGKcx3qFkzWEliG8XGKox3qFkzWEliG8XGKm”（style="display:none
    （3）运转方式。激光运转方式是指激光器的输出可以是连续或脉冲的，对于脉冲输出，还存在
第7QeUS61PiX一7QeUS61PiX看7QeUS61PiX看7QeUS61PiXd7QeUS61PiX17QeUS61PiXk7QeUS61PiXk7QeUS61PiXa7QeUS61PiXn7QeUS61PiX.7QeUS61PiXc7QeUS61PiXo7QeUS61PiXm”（style="display:none
    脉冲宽度、重复频率的不同。运转方式对于激光武器之所以重要，是因为不同的运转方式对目标的
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    毁伤效果以及激光武器的使用有很大差异。连续激光具有较低的功率，因而不能立即引起破坏，达
第MLVCKkeLjpF3rzYLAW一MLVCKkeLjpF3rzYLAW看MLVCKkeLjpF3rzYLAW看MLVCKkeLjpF3rzYLAWdMLVCKkeLjpF3rzYLAW1MLVCKkeLjpF3rzYLAWkMLVCKkeLjpF3rzYLAWkMLVCKkeLjpF3rzYLAWaMLVCKkeLjpF3rzYLAWnMLVCKkeLjpF3rzYLAW.MLVCKkeLjpF3rzYLAWcMLVCKkeLjpF3rzYLAWoMLVCKkeLjpF3rzYLAWm”（style="display:none
    到目标的破坏值可能需要几秒钟的时间。在这样长的时间里，光束的抖动会使光斑偏离目标点，不
第XZHxmMwit1X一XZHxmMwit1X看XZHxmMwit1X看XZHxmMwit1XdXZHxmMwit1X1XZHxmMwit1XkXZHxmMwit1XkXZHxmMwit1XaXZHxmMwit1XnXZHxmMwit1X.XZHxmMwit1XcXZHxmMwit1XoXZHxmMwit1Xm”（style="display:none
    利于武器效能的提高，当目标采取适当的对抗措施时，这一问题尤为突出。
第iWyoNp9LYJSNbpRJfoIg一iWyoNp9LYJSNbpRJfoIg看iWyoNp9LYJSNbpRJfoIg看iWyoNp9LYJSNbpRJfoIgdiWyoNp9LYJSNbpRJfoIg1iWyoNp9LYJSNbpRJfoIgkiWyoNp9LYJSNbpRJfoIgkiWyoNp9LYJSNbpRJfoIgaiWyoNp9LYJSNbpRJfoIgniWyoNp9LYJSNbpRJfoIg.iWyoNp9LYJSNbpRJfoIgciWyoNp9LYJSNbpRJfoIgoiWyoNp9LYJSNbpRJfoIgm”（style="display:none
    研制具有足够大功率、光束质量好、大气传输性能佳、破坏靶材能力强、适于作战使用的高能
第7Bj2tOEEljip一7Bj2tOEEljip看7Bj2tOEEljip看7Bj2tOEEljipd7Bj2tOEEljip17Bj2tOEEljipk7Bj2tOEEljipk7Bj2tOEEljipa7Bj2tOEEljipn7Bj2tOEEljip.7Bj2tOEEljipc7Bj2tOEEljipo7Bj2tOEEljipm”（style="display:none
    激光器，是实现高能激光武器的关键，也是各国长期探索研究的目标。
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    光束定向器由大口径发射系统和精密跟踪瞄准系统组成，它是与激光器匹配的一个重要部件。
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    （1）发射系统。发射系统是将激光器产生的激光束定向发射出去，并应用自适应补偿矫正（或
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    消除）大气效应对激光束的影响，以保证将高亮度的激光束聚焦到目标上，形成功率密度尽可能高
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    的光斑，以便在尽可能短的时间内达到最佳的破坏效果。为此，必须采用主镜直径足够大的大口径
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    发射望远镜，并可根据目标的不同距离对次镜进行平移，以起到调焦的作用。
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    （2）跟踪瞄准系统。用于使发射望远镜始终跟踪瞄准飞行中的目标，并使光斑锁定在目标的某